Permission list for the roundcube folder :
drwxrwxr– 11 apache apache 4096 Jun 8 14:19 enigma_pgp_homedir
drwxrwxr– 2 apache apache 4096 Jul 12 16:34 logs
I don't know what's the matter with people: they don't learn by understanding, they learn by some other way — by rote or something. Their knowledge is so fragile! (Feynman)
Permission list for the roundcube folder :
drwxrwxr– 11 apache apache 4096 Jun 8 14:19 enigma_pgp_homedir
drwxrwxr– 2 apache apache 4096 Jul 12 16:34 logs
As cyber threats continue to evolve, security professionals require reliable tools to defend against security vulnerabilities, protect sensitive data, and maintain network security. Open source cyber security tools provide a cost-effective solution for individuals and organizations to combat these threats on-premises and with cloud security and mobile devices. Let’s consider the top 25 open-source cyber security monitoring tools in 2023 that help ensure continuous network and system performance monitoring.
As cyber threats continue to evolve and become more sophisticated, organizations must stay informed and prepared to defend against a wide range of security risks.
Here are the top cybersecurity threats that businesses and individuals should be aware of today:
1. Phishing Attacks: Phishing attacks are a prevalent form of social engineering where cybercriminals use deceptive emails or websites to trick users into revealing sensitive information or installing malware. These attacks often target login credentials, financial information, and other personal data.
2. Ransomware: Ransomware is a type of malicious software that encrypts a victim’s files or locks their systems, demanding a ransom payment to restore access. Ransomware attacks can cause significant financial losses and operational disruptions for organizations.
3. Insider Threats: Insider threats refer to security risks posed by employees, contractors, or other individuals with authorized access to an organization’s systems and data. These threats can result from malicious intent or negligence, leading to data breaches or system compromises.
4. Supply Chain Attacks: Also known as third-party attacks or vendor risk, supply chain attacks target an organization’s suppliers, vendors, or partners to gain access to their systems and data. These attacks often exploit security vulnerabilities in the supply chain to compromise multiple organizations.
5. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks: DDoS attacks involve overwhelming a target’s network or system with a flood of traffic, rendering it inaccessible to legitimate users. DDoS attacks can cause severe downtime and service disruptions.
6. Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs): APTs are sophisticated, coordinated cyberattacks by well-funded threat actors or nation-state groups that target specific organizations for espionage, data theft, or sabotage. APTs often use advanced techniques and tactics to evade detection and maintain a long-term presence within a target’s network.
7. Zero-Day Exploits: Zero-day exploits are attacks that take advantage of previously unknown security vulnerabilities in software or systems. These vulnerabilities, also known as zero-day flaws, have no existing patches or fixes, making them particularly dangerous and challenging to defend against.
8. Internet of Things (IoT) Security: The increasing adoption of IoT devices and connected technologies has expanded the attack surface for cybercriminals. IoT devices are often vulnerable to cyber threats due to weak security measures, creating new risks for organizations and consumers.
9. Data Breaches: Data breaches occur when unauthorized individuals gain access to an organization’s sensitive data, such as customer information, financial records, or intellectual property. Data breaches can result in significant financial and reputational damage for organizations.
10. Cloud Security Threats: As more organizations migrate to cloud-based services, cloud security has become a critical concern. Threats in the cloud can arise from misconfigurations, weak authentication mechanisms, and vulnerabilities in cloud applications or infrastructure.
Open source cyber security monitoring tools offer numerous advantages over proprietary solutions, making them an attractive option for businesses, organizations, and individuals looking to enhance their security posture and perform effective security testing.
Here are some key benefits of using open-source tools for cyber security monitoring for monitoring services that pose security threats, even if you have another network monitoring system. Proper cybersecurity monitoring and access management are key to maintaining a secure environment.
One of the most significant benefits of open-source cyber security tools is their cost-effectiveness. With no licensing fees or subscription costs, these free tools enable security teams to access powerful network monitoring solutions without breaking the bank.
This particularly benefits small businesses and startups with limited budgets, allowing them to allocate resources to other critical areas.
Open-source network monitoring tools offer high customizability and flexibility, allowing security professionals to tailor the tools to their specific needs. This adaptability enables organizations to address unique security threats and vulnerabilities, ensuring a more robust security posture.
Additionally, the ability to integrate these tools with existing security infrastructure adds an extra layer of protection to network security.
The open-source community is known for its rapid development and frequent updates. As new security threats and vulnerabilities emerge, open-source cyber security tools are often among the first to receive patches and updates.
This continuous monitoring and proactive response help organizations stay ahead of potential security risks and maintain a strong security posture.
Open-source cyber security tools benefit from an extensive support network, comprising developers, users, and experts from around the world.
This collaborative environment fosters knowledge sharing, allowing security professionals to learn from one another and develop more effective security strategies.
Additionally, the availability of comprehensive documentation and online forums makes it easier for users to troubleshoot issues and enhance their understanding of network monitoring and security.
With their source code openly available for inspection, open-source cyber security tools offer greater transparency than proprietary alternatives. This transparency allows security professionals and researchers to scrutinize the code for potential security vulnerabilities and ensure its integrity.
Moreover, the collaborative nature of the open-source community means that any identified issues are addressed quickly, further enhancing the overall security of these tools.
Open-source network monitoring software often supports a wide range of operating systems, including Windows, macOS, and Linux, allowing organizations to deploy these tools across diverse environments.
This platform independence and interoperability help organizations ensure comprehensive network monitoring, regardless of the underlying infrastructure.
Note the following free cyber security monitoring tools in 2023 and the open-source list of solutions you can take advantage of and no free trial needed.
Se, per ipotesi assurda, invece di ammostare dei malti, disciogliessimo direttamente nella pentola di bollitura 1 Kg di saccarosio puro (che ha un potenziale teorico SG 1,038), misurando la densità dei 10 L di acqua scopriremmo che, dissolvendosi totalmente, il saccarosio ha rilasciato il 100% del suo potenziale, incrementando la densità dell’acqua fino a raggiungere un OG pari al valore del saccarosio (1,038).
Ma lo zucchero, al contrario dei cereali, non possiede bucce o altri residui insolubili, e noi non dobbiamo preparare uno sciroppo di zucchero ma, bensì, una birra e per farlo, dobbiamo necessariamente ammostare dei cereali, cercando di estrarre da questi tutta la materia fermentescibile che riusciamo ad ottenere. Ecco che entra in gioco l’efficienza di ammostamento. Questa brutta bestia manderà all’aria tutti i nostri “sogni di gloria” riducendo, a pari quantità di ingredienti e di acqua, la densità del nostro mosto e lasciandoci a fine fermentazione con una birra poco alcolica e particolarmente scialba sul piano aromatico e gustativo.
La reale densità del mosto (e non più quella teorica), come accennato nel precedente articolo (Densità specifica e unità di densità), è influenzata da due fattori;
Conoscere a priori l’efficienza del nostro impianto ci permette di stimare, in fase di progettazione della ricetta, la quantità degli ingredienti fermentabili da ammostare, al fine di raggiungere la densità ottimale prevista per lo stile birrario che intendiamo brassare. Va da sé, che conoscere il risultato quando manca uno dei due fattori essenziali per il computo, non è proprio possibile. Come dobbiamo procedere per ottenere il secondo fattore? Semplicemente, misurando tutti i parametri che ci vengono forniti dal nostro impianto una volta terminate le fasi di ammostamento e di sparging. Il volume del mosto e la densità ottenuti a fine ammostamento (che rappresentano il primo dei due fattori), andranno messi in correlazione con gli stessi valori previsti in ricetta (che rappresentano il secondo fattore); il risultato ci fornirà la percentuale di efficienza dell’impianto di ammostamento. Ecco la formula:
Supponendo che al termine delle fasi di ammostamento e sparging, ci trovassimo con un totale di 20 L di mosto con una OG pari a 1,035 anziché 1,050, come sarebbe dovuto accadere se l’impianto avesse estratto il 100% delle sostanze fermentescibili, dovremo semplicemente eseguire la seguente operazione;
35 x 20 = 700 (totale densità GU ottenuta)
50 x 20 = 1000 (totale densità GU stimata dalla ricetta)
700 / 1000 = 0,7 x 100 = 70 (efficienza)
Con queste semplici operazioni siamo riusciti, finalmente, ad ottenere l’efficienza, ovvero il potere estrattivo del nostro impianto di ammostamento (mashing + sparging). L’estrazione reale è stata del 70% rispetto al potenziale teorico fornitoci dai produttori dei cereali utilizzati.
TABELLA DI CONVERSIONE: DENSITA’/ BRIX / PLATO
Molti rifrattometri effettuano le misurazioni del mosto in gradi Brix. Per facilitare i lavoro a tutti coloro che sono intenzionati ad usarli, pubblichiamo di seguito una tabella di conversione che vi permetterà di convertire facilmente i gradi Brix in SG (la misura fatta con i comuni densimetri). Al tempo stesso vi diamo anche la conversione in gradi Plato (per saccarometri).
Densita’ – SG(20°C)
|
Brix (20°C)
|
Plato (20°C)
|
Densita’ (20°C)
|
Brix (20°C)
|
Plato (20°)
|
1.000
|
0,0
|
0,0
|
1.087,5
|
21,0
|
21,8
|
1.003,9
|
1,0
|
1,0
|
1.092,0
|
22,0
|
22,9
|
1.007,8
|
2,0
|
2,1
|
1.096,5
|
23,0
|
23,9
|
1.011,7
|
3,0
|
3,1
|
1.101,1
|
24,0
|
25,0
|
1.015,7
|
4,0
|
4,2
|
1.105,7
|
25,0
|
26,0
|
1.019,7
|
5,0
|
5,2
|
1.110,3
|
26,0
|
27,0
|
1.023,7
|
6,0
|
6,2
|
1.115,0
|
27,0
|
28,1
|
1.027,7
|
7,0
|
7,3
|
1.119,7
|
28,0
|
29,1
|
1.031,8
|
8,0
|
8,3
|
1.124,4
|
29,0
|
30,2
|
1.035,9
|
9,0
|
9,4
|
1.129,2
|
30,0
|
31,2
|
1.040,0
|
10,0
|
10,4
|
1.134,0
|
31,0
|
32,2
|
1.044,2
|
11,0
|
11,4
|
1.138,9
|
32,0
|
33,3
|
1.048,4
|
12,0
|
12,5
|
1.143,7
|
33,0
|
34,3
|
1.052,6
|
13,0
|
13,5
|
1.148,7
|
34,0
|
35,4
|
1.056,8
|
14,0
|
14,6
|
1.153,6
|
35,0
|
36,4
|
1.061,1
|
15,0
|
15,6
|
1.158,6
|
36,0
|
37,4
|
1.065,4
|
16,0
|
16,6
|
1.163,7
|
37,0
|
38,4
|
1.069,8
|
17,0
|
17,7
|
1.168,8
|
38,0
|
39,5
|
1.074,1
|
18,0
|
18,7
|
1.173,9
|
39,0
|
40,5
|
1.078,5
|
19,0
|
19,8
|
1.179,0
|
40,0
|
41,6
|
1.083,0
|
20,0
|
20,8
|
Formula di conversione Brix -> SG: SG = (Brix / (258.6-((Brix / 258.2)*227.1))) + 1
Formula di conversione SG -> Brix: Brix = (((182.4601 * SG -775.6821) * SG +1262.7794) * SG -669.5622)
journalctl -eu docker
check installed modules yum list installed | grep -i php
service httpd restart
service php-fpm restart