To Remind Stephen Hawking

L’astrofisico inglese Stephen Hawking, scomparso all’età di 76 anni, era noto per le osservazioni filosofiche sulla vita oltre che sulla scienza. Ecco alcune delle sue frasi più celebri.

SUL PERCHÉ DELL’ESISTENZA DELL’UNIVERSO – Se riusciremo a trovare la risposta a questa domanda, decreteremo il trionfo definitivo della ragione umana: giacché allora conosceremmo la mente di Dio.

SULLA SUA MALATTIA – Le mie aspettative sono state ridotte a zero quando avevo 21 anni. Da allora, tutto è un bonus. Ho vissuto cinque decadi in più di quanto predetto dai medici. Ho provato a fare buon uso del mio tempo. Poiché ogni giorno può essere l’ultimo, voglio sfruttarne ogni minuto.

SU DIO – Non è necessario invocare l’intervento di Dio per accendere l’interruttore e far partire l’Universo.

SULLA PROSPETTIVA – Ricordatevi di guardare le stelle e non i vostri piedi. Per quanto difficile possa essere la vita, c’è sempre qualcosa che è possibile fare e in cui si può riuscire.

SULLA CELEBRITÀ – Lo svantaggio della mia celebrità è che non posso andare da nessuna parte senza essere riconosciuto. Non serve a nulla indossare occhiali da sole e una parrucca. La sedia a rotelle mi tradisce.

SULLA VANITÀ DEGLI INTELLETTUALI – Le persone che si vantano del loro quoziente intellettivo sono dei perdenti.

SULLA PERFEZIONE – Senza imperfezione, voi e io non esisteremmo.

SUGLI EXTRATERRESTRI – Se gli alieni un giorno venissero a farci visita, penso che il risultato sarebbe simile a quello che è successo quando Cristoforo Colombo è sbarcato in America, un risultato non molto positivo per gli indiani.

SULL’INTELLIGENZA ARTIFICIALE – Le primitive forme di intelligenza artificiale che abbiamo già si sono dimostrate molto utili, ma penso che lo sviluppo di un’intelligenza artificiale completa potrebbe mettere fine alla razza umana.

SULLA MORTE – Vivo con la prospettiva di una morte prematura da 49 anni, non ho paura della morte, ma non ho fretta di morire, ci sono tante cose che voglio fare prima.

Spring Boot OAuth2

Traditional deployment

https://projects.spring.io/spring-security-oauth/docs/oauth2.html

Now we will describe the authorization code flow:

POST /oauth/oauth20/token

Returns an OAuth 2.0 token using HTTP POST.

To request an access token using this grant type, the client must have already obtained the Authorization Code from the authorization server. An Authorization Code is a short-lived token issued to the client application by the authorization server upon successful authentication/authorization of an end-user (resource owner). The client application then uses the authorization code to request an access token from the authorization server.

For detailed examples about the types of access tokens supported, with example for each type of access token, refer to OAuth: Client Authentication with the Platform’s OAuth Provider.

Note: there is a corresponding operation that performs the same action using HTTP GET: GET /oauth/oauth20/token. For information on why you might choose one or the other, see OAuth Operations: GET or POST?

Authorization Roles/Permissions: Anyone can run this operation.

This topic includes the following sections:

HTTP Method

POST

Back to top

URL

https://{oauth-provider-url}/oauth/oauth20/token

Back to top

Sample Request

The examples below shows token requests in an LDAP scenario, with several different grant types.

Request URL

https://{oauth-provider-url}/oauth/oauth20/token

Sample request headers

Note: In the sample request headers below, the Authorization header consist of the client’s Basic authentication header, as explained in HTTP Basic Authentication. This is one way of sending the authorization credentials. As an alternative, you can send this information in the POST body or, if you are using the GET operation, in the request parameters. For more information, see OAuth: Client Authentication with the Platform’s OAuth Provider.

POST /oauth/oauth20/token HTTP/1.1
Host: http://{oauth-provider-hostname}
Authorization: Basic czZCaGRSa3F0MzpnWDFmQmF0M2JW
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Accept: application/json

Sample request body: authorization_code grant type

In the sample request body shown below, the client ID and client secret are included. When the Authorization header is included with the request message, as shown above, you don’t need to send the client ID and client secret in the parameters. Send them either in the header or in the parameters. The below is an example of sending these values in the POST request body if the Authorization header was not sent. Line breaks have been added for display purposes.

client_id=acmepaymentscorp-3rCEQzwEHMT9PPvuXcClpe3v
&client_secret=e5868ebb4445fc2ad9f949956c1cb9ddefa0d421
&code=T8Y2h7zvp-tviqe2gQQ_VGQKMizn8jRgxZ74hA
&redirect_uri=http%3A%2F%2Facmepaymentscorp.com%3A9900%2Fui%2Fapps%2Facmepaymentscorp%2F_VWQJeFH76RyfD6M6FRO5Svg%2Fresources%2Fconsole%2Fglobal%2Foauthclientredirect.html%3Fdynamic%3Dtrue
&grant_type=authorization_code
&scope=Scope1

Sample request body: client_credentials grant type (2-legged)

client_id=acmepaymentscorp-3rCEQzwEHMT9PPvuXcClpe3v
&client_secret=e5868ebb4445fc2ad9f949956c1cb9ddefa0d421
&grant_type=client_credentials
&scope=Scope1

Sample request body: Resource Owner Credentials grant type

client_id=atmosphere-3rCEQzwEHMT9PPvuXcClpe3v
&client_secret=e5868ebb4445fc2ad9f949956c1cb9ddefa0d421
&grant_type=password
&scope=Scope1
&username=eng100
&password=password

Back to top

Request Headers

For general information on request header values, refer to HTTP Request Headers.

HEADER DESCRIPTION
Accept application/json
Content-Type application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Authorization Optional. The Authorization request header authenticates the client with the server.

Back to top

Request Parameters

Note: the parameters below are all standard parameters defined in the OAuth 2.0, OpenID Connect, or JSON Web Token (JWT) specifications.

PARAMETER PARM TYPE DATA TYPE REQUIRED DESCRIPTION
grant_type Form String Required The OAuth grant type.

If the request is a request for a refresh token, the value must be set to refresh_token.

client_id Form String Optional Unique identifier of the client application.

Must be sent; but can be sent as Authorization header.

client_secret Form String Optional The client secret value; this value identifies the client with the provider.

Can be sent as Authorization header. Also, not needed for public client, even if Authorization header is not sent.

refresh_token Form String Optional Refresh Token grant type only: The refresh token.
scope Form String Optional OAuth 2.0: standard scope parameter. One or more scopes configured in the OAuth provider. Space separator for multiple scopes.

The scope of the access request.

code Form String Optional Authorization Code grant type only: The authorization code that was previously received by the client application.
redirect_uri Form String Optional Authorization Code grant type only: The redirect URI of the client application, where it received the authorization code.
username Form String Optional Resource Owner Password Credentials only: The resource owner’s username.
password Form String Optional Resource Owner Password Credentials only: The resource owner’s password.
client_assertion_type Form String Optional JWT Bearer Assertion grant type only:

The format of the assertion as identified by the Authorization Server. The value must be set to urn:ietf:params:oauth:client-assertion-type:jwt-bearer.

client_assertion Form String Optional JWT Bearer Assertion grant type only: The assertion being used to authenticate the client. Only JWT compact serialization is allowed.
assertion Form String Optional JWT Bearer Assertion grant type only: The JWT Bearer Assertion.

Back to top

Response

If successful, this operation returns HTTP status code 200, with the access token.

Back to top

Sample Response

The sample response below shows successful completion of this operation.

Sample response headers: application/json

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/json
Sample response body: application/json

Sample response body #1

{
  "access_token": "SlAV32hkKG",
  "token_type": "Bearer",
  "refresh_token": "8xLOxBtZp8",
  "expires_in": 3600,
  "id_token": "eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjFlOWdkazcifQ.ewogImlzc
    yI6ICJodHRwOi8vc2VydmVyLmV4YW1wbGUuY29tIiwKICJzdWIiOiAiMjQ4Mjg5
    NzYxMDAxIiwKICJhdWQiOiAiczZCaGRSa3F0MyIsCiAibm9uY2UiOiAibi0wUzZ
    fV3pBMk1qIiwKICJleHAiOiAxMzExMjgxOTcwLAogImlhdCI6IDEzMTEyODA5Nz
    AKfQ.ggW8hZ1EuVLuxNuuIJKX_V8a_OMXzR0EHR9R6jgdqrOOF4daGU96Sr_P6q
    Jp6IcmD3HP99Obi1PRs-cwh3LO-p146waJ8IhehcwL7F09JdijmBqkvPeB2T9CJ
    NqeGpe-gccMg4vfKjkM8FcGvnzZUN4_KSP0aAp1tOJ1zZwgjxqGByKHiOtX7Tpd
    QyHE5lcMiKPXfEIQILVq0pc_E2DzL7emopWoaoZTF_m0_N0YzFC6g6EJbOEoRoS
    K5hoDalrcvRYLSrQAZZKflyuVCyixEoV9GfNQC3_osjzw2PAithfubEEBLuVVk4
    XUVrWOLrLl0nx7RkKU8NXNHq-rvKMzqg"
}

Sample response body: authorization_code grant type

{
  "access_token" : "d50d9fd00acf797ac409d5890fcc76669b727e63",
  "token_type" : "Bearer",
  "expires_in" : 1295998,
  "refresh_token" : "TZzj2yvtWlNP6BvG6UC5UKHXY2Ey6eEo80FSYax6Yv8"
}

Sample response body: Client Credentials grant type (2-legged)

{
  "access_token" : "4484e52dc4744374aced826a4543cd28948816ff",
  "token_type" : "Bearer",
  "expires_in" : 1295999
}

Sample response body: Resource Owner Credentials grant type

{
  "access_token" : "49fad390491a5b547d0f782309b6a5b33f7ac087",
  "token_type" : "Bearer",
  "expires_in" : 1295999,
  "refresh_token" : "USrAgmSf5MJ8N_RLQODa7rZ3zNs1Sj1GkSIsTsb4n-Y"
}

Sample response body: Error scenario

Note: in the example below, the state parameter is included in the error response. This would be the case in any scenario where it was included in the request.

{
  error=invalid_request,
  error_description=Unsupported%20response_type%20value,
  state=af0ifjsldkj
}

Back to top

Response Headers

For general information on response header values, refer to HTTP Response Headers.

HEADER DESCRIPTION
Content-Type application/json

Back to top

Response Body: Success

NAME TYPE DESCRIPTION
AccessTokenResponse AccessTokenResponse Contains information about the response to a request for an OAuth Access Token. Used by the token endpoint.

Response Body: Error Scenario

NAME TYPE DESCRIPTION
AccessTokenErrorResponse AccessTokenErrorResponse Contains information about an error response returned by the OAuth Token Endpoint in response to a request for an OAuth 2.0 access token.

Back to top

Error Codes/Messages

If the call is unsuccessful an error code/message is returned. One or more examples of possible errors for this operation are shown below.

ITEM VALUE
500 An error occurred processing the call.

More information about Enterprise API Platform API error messages.

Back to top